Educated at Hampstead School and the Technical School.

Volunteered for aircrew duties in early 1939, but not called until 13 February 1940.

Completed his initial training in New Zealand.

In October 1941, he was posted to 89 Squadron, then forming at Colerne, as Navigator. The Squadron flew to the Middle East as two flights in November. As well as night defence of the Delta 89 also flew long day patrols over the Mediterranean searching for FW Condors, which were preying on Allied shipping.

In August 1942, he was posted to India, but fell sick and remained at Air HQ Middle East on Operations Room duties. He rejoined 89 in February 1943, but went to 46 Squadron at Edku on April 13 1942

In October 1943, returned to UK and was posted to instructor's course at 62 OTU, Ouston. In January 1944 went to 51 OTU, Cranfield as an instructor and received his commission in February

In early June 1944, repatriated to NZ and went on Reserve on 22 September 1944.

In 1949 joined the Active Reserve at the time of his inception and continued until transferred to the General Reserve on Dec. 31 1969.

Became Flying Officer 27 February 1956

Portrait in Wynn, K. (1981). The Battle of Britain: 10 July - 31 October 1940 AWMM